However, there is a cost to being paedomorphic. Bonnett et al. This has resulted in these species being more at risk from environmental events or human disturbance than species with wider geographic ranges and as a result have a higher rate of extinction. In some populations of salamanders, individuals exhibit facultative paedomorphosis, i.
Whether an individual is metamorphic or paedomorphic may depend on a range of environmental factors including temperature, pond desiccation rate, terrestrial aridity and resource availability.
Facultative paedomorphosis is an adaptive strategy which has been reported from several European newts. For example, great crested newt Triturus cristatus , palmate newt Lissotriton helveticus , alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris and southern banded newt Omatotriton vittatus all exhibit paedomorphosis, especially in the south of their range Oromi et al.
Facultative paedomorphosis has been regularly observed in populations of the smooth newt L. In this species, the key environmental factors are prey and predator abundance and habitat composition, with paedomorphosis generally occurring in areas with permanent, nutrient-rich water bodies without predators Bozkurt et al. In , Mathiron et al.
The authors found that temperature and water availability each play a significant role in metamorphosis and explain the persistence of paedomorphosis in certain populations. These results have major implications as they show that droughts through evolutionary history have been a primary factor in promoting the evolution of paedomorphosis in this species.
When terrestrial environments experience persistent drought, this has promoted the evolution of paedomorphic populations. Mathiron et al. Both water level and temperature affected the metamorphosis of males more than females. Br Herpetol Soc Bull 34 : 16 — Considering alternative life history modes and genetic divergence in conservation: a case study of the Oklahoma salamander.
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