A study in the Archives of Internal Medicine finds that higher sodium and lower potassium intakes were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases CVD , and death from all causes, regardless of blood pressure.
Sodium and potassium function together to regulate healthy cell signaling in the body. According to a article in the Journal of Physical Chemistry, potassium is an anion a negatively charged ion , because having more electrons than protons makes it carry a negative charge. Sodium is the opposite; it's known as a cation because it has more protons than electrons and carries a positive charge. A healthy level of potassium inside of the cells and sodium outside the cells, is necessary for proper cell signaling in the nervous system.
Magnesium's role in the balance of sodium and potassium is as an intermediary. Potassium can't cross the cell membrane on its own, and needs magnesium to move across the cell membrane. Once the cell membrane is open, the cell can absorb all of the potassium it needs to function properly.
The deficiency is easily reversed, and a person may be surprised by how quickly their symptoms improve. It is important, however, not to self-diagnose a magnesium deficiency and begin supplementation without seeing a doctor. Too much of any nutrient, including magnesium, can be harmful and may cause an imbalance in other minerals.
Many automatic processes in the body run on small electric currents, and electrolytes provide this charge. Electrolytes are present throughout the…. What are metabolic disorders? Read on to learn more about these conditions, their causes, and how they affect metabolism. Hypokalemia occurs when a person has too little potassium in their blood. Symptoms can include low blood pressure and muscle twitching. Read on to…. Intensive exercise boosts communication between skeletal muscles and fat tissue, fine-tuning metabolism and improving performance, a recent study….
Lipodystrophy is a rare condition that causes unusual fat accumulation on the body. There is no cure, but the management of complications can help. What to know about magnesium deficiency Medically reviewed by Suzanne Falck, M. What is hypomagnesemia? Symptoms Causes Treatment Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia Diagnosis Outlook A doctor will usually consider a diagnosis of hypomagnesemia where there are fewer than 1.
The hyponatremia often seen with chronic diuretic usage may also be related to depleted intracellular potassium stores. In a small group of patients with chronic congestive heart failure, magnesium replacement alone was sufficient to correct this hyponatremia. Finally, magnesium and potassium depletion may play an important role in the development of cardiac arrhythmias in certain select groups of patients, such as those with overt ischemic heart disease. Differences in intake levels of minerals between populations may explain the inconsistent results.
The prevalence of diabetes and coronary heart disease was higher among men in the highest quintile of mineral intake than among those in the lowest quintile Table 1. This difference probably reflects dietary changes after diagnosis of these diseases. Several strengths and potential limitations of this study deserve comment.
An advantage is the prospective design, which precluded the possibility for recall bias in the dietary assessment. Furthermore, the extensive information on cardiovascular risk factors allowed comprehensive adjustment for potential confounders, and the large number of cases provided high statistical power to detect associations.
Measurement error in the assessment of dietary intake is inevitable and will have led to some misclassification of the studied dietary exposures. We had dietary intake assessed only at baseline, which may have contributed to misclassification because of dietary changes during follow-up.
Given the prospective design, this misclassification was unlikely to be associated with the studied outcomes and therefore probably led to underestimation of the associations.
The intake of calcium from dietary supplements was negligible compared with total intake from diet 19 and was therefore unlikely to have influenced the results. Using the same dietary assessment, high calcium intake was associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer 42 and increased risk of prostate cancer 19 in the ATBC Study.
Consequently, it is unlikely that the lack of observed association can be attributed to our inability to measure calcium intake. Although our dietary assessment provides valid estimates of dietary sodium intake on a group level, there may be misclassification on an individual level, which would lead to attenuation of the RR estimates toward the null.
Another potential limitation is that the ATBC Study consisted entirely of male smokers; therefore, our findings may not be generalizable to women or to nonsmokers. In summary, in this cohort of male smokers, a high magnesium intake was associated with a significantly decreased risk of cerebral infarction. While the biologic mechanism explaining this relationship is unclear, our findings suggest that a high consumption of magnesium-rich foods, such as whole-grain cereals, may play a role in the prevention of cerebral infarction.
Whether magnesium supplementation lowers the risk of cerebral infarction needs to be assessed in large, long-term randomized trials.
Correspondence: Susanna C. Larsson ki. Author Contributions: Dr Larsson had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Acquisition of data : Albanes, Pietinen, Albanes, and Virtamo. Drafting of the manuscript : Larsson and Virtanen. Statistical analysis : Larsson and Virtanen. Obtained funding : Larsson, Pietinen, Albanes, and Virtamo. Administrative, technical, or material support : Virtanen, Albanes, and Virtamo.
Study supervision : Virtamo. Role of the Sponsor: The funding sources had no role in the design, conduct, or reporting of this study. Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy Continue. View Large Download. Table 1. Lewington SClarke RQizilbash NPeto RCollins R Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies.
Prospective study of nutritional factors, blood pressure, and hypertension among US women. A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US men. Magnesium supplementation for the management of essential hypertension in adults.
Blood pressure response to calcium supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Reproducibility and validity of dietary assessment instruments, I: a self-administered food use questionnaire with a portion size picture booklet.
Pietinen P Estimating sodium intake from food consumption data.
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