Cluster refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be known. Pandemic refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.
Epidemics occur when an agent and susceptible hosts are present in adequate numbers, and the agent can be effectively conveyed from a source to the susceptible hosts.
More specifically, an epidemic may result from:. The previous description of epidemics presumes only infectious agents, but non-infectious diseases such as diabetes and obesity exist in epidemic proportion in the U. Check your answer. A common-source outbreak is one in which a group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source. If the group is exposed over a relatively brief period, so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one incubation period, then the common-source outbreak is further classified as a point-source outbreak.
The epidemic of leukemia cases in Hiroshima following the atomic bomb blast and the epidemic of hepatitis A among patrons of the Pennsylvania restaurant who ate green onions each had a point source of exposure.
Figure 1. Image Description. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Unpublished data; In some common-source outbreaks, case-patients may have been exposed over a period of days, weeks, or longer.
In a continuous common-source outbreak , the range of exposures and range of incubation periods tend to flatten and widen the peaks of the epidemic curve Figure 1. The epidemic curve of an intermittent common-source outbreak often has a pattern reflecting the intermittent nature of the exposure. A propagated outbreak results from transmission from one person to another. Usually, transmission is by direct person-to-person contact, as with syphilis.
Transmission may also be vehicleborne e. In propagated outbreaks, cases occur over more than one incubation period. In Figure 1. The epidemic usually wanes after a few generations, either because the number of susceptible persons falls below some critical level required to sustain transmission, or because intervention measures become effective. Measles outbreak—Aberdeen, S.
MMWR ; Some epidemics have features of both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics. The pattern of a common-source outbreak followed by secondary person-to-person spread is not uncommon. Access a printer-friendly copy of this alert. An outbreak is a sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease. An outbreak may occur in a community or geographical area, or may affect several countries.
It may last for a few days or weeks, or even for several years. Some outbreaks are expected each year, such as influenza. Sometimes a single case of an infectious disease may be considered an outbreak. Based on Piere County Washington document on epidemic, there are two different original causes of epidemic which are animal and human epidemic [5]. Another possibility of animal epidemic is transferable to human population.
The impacts of human epidemics include loss of life or either short or long term debilitation for the victims. It could include economic hardship; lost work time affects not only the employee, but also the employer, loss of productivity due to individual illnesses is a major business problem.
Learn about public health response to epidemic in San Fransisco and also learn how Western Australia develop emergency management plan for human Epidemic. Mitigation on this guide is based on mitigation action for animal and human epidemic, because both the source of epidemics is still a risk for human being [6]. For animal epidemics, first, increasing compliance with the health or rabies certificate requirements would go a long ways towards prevention.
Second, vaccinating animals in an effort to prevent diseases within the local populations should be considered. Mitigation for human epidemic include to: maintain sewage and waste disposal systems; promote and fund both childhood and adult immunization programs; support and provide health education in the schools and on a community level to address disease transmission and prevention; target the mechanism of transmission of individual diseases, such as drug usage for diseases like HIV infection and Hepatitis B; maintain strict health standards for food service employees and eating establishments; maintain strict health standards for food products; utilize accepted and recommended infection control practices in medical facilities.
The community education programs should be targeted in particular at high risk groups for blood born pathogens and sexually transmitted diseases. Epidemic Preparedness and Response in the Africa Region. A presentation about the application of remote sensing for the prediction of epidemic in Indonesia. An application of spatial technology in malaria. Breadcrumb Home Epidemic. Epidemic An epidemic is defined as the occurrence of an illness or health-related event that is unusually large or unexpected.
Avian Flu Avian influenza AI is a viral infection primarily affecting birds chickens, ducks, geese etc. Cholera Cholera is mainly spread by drinking water contaminated by faeces. Dengue Fever Dengue or breakbone fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever are transmitted by "day biter" mosquitoes. Ebola and Marburg Two distinct viral diseases with similar symptoms. Malaria Malaria is transmitted by the bite of the anopheles mosquito, a dusk to dawn biter.
Measles This is a highly communicable viral infection that can result in a very high mortality rate, especially among children and undernourished populations. Meningococcal Meningitis Meningococcal Meningitis is an acute bacterial disease. Yellow Fever Yellow fever is a deadly and fast-spreading mosquito-borne virus occurring only in parts of Africa and South America. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis TB is the single most deadly infectious disease and kills two million people each year.
Emergency Response Learn about public health response to epidemic in San Fransisco and also learn how Western Australia develop emergency management plan for human Epidemic. Mitigation Mitigation on this guide is based on mitigation action for animal and human epidemic, because both the source of epidemics is still a risk for human being [6].
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